Economic Indicators and Their Utilization

Introduction Out of all the economic and socio-economic indicators, inflation and the gross domestic product have a greater impact on the stock market. The six economic indicators that affect our economy every day include the Treasury Department Policies, Monetary Policies, Raw Resources, Fiscal Policies, Productivity, Balance of Payments.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Economic Indicators and Their Utilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Graham, â€Å"inflation is an economic indicator for securities markets since it establishes an estimated value of an investment lost on how to compensate for the loss† (n.p.). For instance, if inflation is at 15% at a particular time, and your investment increases by 15%, then the investor stays even during that time. Gross domestic product (GDP) is a component of inflation as well as an economic indicator (Graham 2). Economic indicators measure t he economic activities of an economy, individual’s welfare and the socio-economic development, the country’s sustainability of economic activities, inputs to the production units, scarcity or depletion of the natural resources, a country’s dependency on other economies and the economic efficiency (Cohen, Grà ©mont, Mudgal Tan 4). Several people assume many factors as causing the market to rise and fall. There are many factors including the employees incomes, living standards, political influences affecting the market, but economic factors form the major factor that influence the market performance (Graham 2). This paper focuses on three economic indicators and their utilization. Productivity has been discussed in the light of the labor and workforce productivity, how it affects the economic growth, where it is found, its relationship to inflation and the influences of the unemployment to productivity. Monetary policy and the raw resource have also been discuss ed. Productivity Productivity refers to the ratio of the volume of output measure to the measure of the use of the inputs. Labor productivity as a measure of productivity shows the main economic measure for the economic growth of the country, welfare and the socio economic development of people (Freeman 1). Growth in the levels of productivity forms a crucial economic indicator. The growth in production means that the real incomes of individuals and the nation at large improve. This means that productivity growth clearly indicates the growth of the economy of a country. Productivity shows the amount of input needed to generate a certain amount of output.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In spite of the significance of productivity as an economic indicator, there are many challenges faced when quantifying the productivity. Productivity growth and levels of different count ries or different industries within a country can be measured in comparison with one another (Pilat Schreyer 1). The main challenges faced in measuring and comparing productivity relate to the technological innovations and innovations that affect most of the economies in the world today. Information Communication Technology (ICT) influences the productivity growth largely. When comparing the productivity growth of economies that employ ICT in their production processes, the problem arises when measuring the prices and the quality of the ICT products in the use because no standard measures exist. Labor input from the personnel forms another critical measure of productivity growth. To measure the growth in productivity levels several measures are used classified as single-factor and the multifactor productivity measures. Applying either of these depends largely on the intention of carrying out the productivity measurement and the data available. A single-factor measure compares a sin gle measure of output directly to a one input measure whereas a multi-factor measure compares a single output measure to the multiple input measures (Pilat Schreyer 2). Productivity and Inflation The slower rate of productivity growth in US as reported by the Federal Reserve Bank affects inflation. To begin with, it may increase the business costs for a time. This attributes to the fact that firms would spend more in labor requirements and they sell their products at higher prices so that they can maintain their profit margins. Ultimately, raising the unit labor costs translates to the slower rates in the work volume because workers will be paid less wages since they work at slower rates. Workers and the firms will take a long time to adjust to the new conditions leading to the increase in inflation overtime (Yellen 1).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Economic Indicators and Their Utilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The slower growth in productivity trend leads to a slow growth in demand resulting in an increased inflation. The customers and consumers would reduce their spending rates due to the lower wages brought by the slower working rate. Furthermore, this will reduce the firm’s production rates because the market is slow. This is well illustrated in the line graph below. Fig.1 A line graph showing that a slower growth in productivity trend translates to an increased inflation (Sachs Warner 3). How to Read Productivity In measuring a workforce or labor productivity of an economy, economists focus on the number of working hours per day, the kind of work and the number of workers undertaking a certain task. Productivity as a social indicator focuses on the quality of work done by the workers as input to the firm. Greater labor productivity is achieved when an organization balances the dimensions of quality and quantity of work delivered in time. The growth and dev elopment of the US economy has been attributed to the labor productivity growth. Effects of Productivity It is important to follow productivity because all the firms are trying to minimize the costs and maximize the profits. Productivity will provide information on whether the inputs to the firm equally translate to the output. For instance, there is need to measure the labor and workforce productivity as this will provide the information on the quality of work delivered within a given period by a certain workforce. Where Productivity Is Found Productivity economic indicators can be obtained from the workers of a firm. To assess the productivity indicators of a firm, one has to analyze the inputs of the workers in a firm and then compare with the outputs of the firm. The labor productivity outputs constitutes the amount of work done at a particular time, the quality of work done compared with the number of people undertaking a particular task.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effect of Productivity on Unemployment Economists argue that if the rate of unemployment goes beyond its natural or normal rate, it leads to the low wages offered by the employers and finally resulting in the reduced prices of the finished goods. Firms need to effectively utilize labor as a factor of production. Raw Resources The rate at which an economy utilizes the raw resources influences the growth of that economy. An economy may utilize the resources as raw inputs to the production units and produce finished goods. An economy should use the available resources more efficiently to increase the value of those resources. However, challenges exist in trying to utilize effectively the resources available for instance the lack of or the shortage of the resources and change in the prices. These short term challenges cause long-term economic crisis linked with the use of the resources. Raw resources as an economic indicator affect the economic growth in terms of its use efficiency (Coh en, Grà ©mont, Mudgal Tan 4). The current trend in natural resource utilization is that the economies with abundant natural resources tend to develop much slower than the economies with scarce natural resources. If the exports of the resources of a country like agriculture and minerals are higher the Growth Domestic Product tends to have a lower growth rate (Sachs Warner 3). How to Read the Raw Resources A change in manufacturing and trade inventories shows how the raw resources are utilized. When the manufacturing companies utilize all the raw materials in their stock in the manufacture of the finished goods, it is said that the resources are used efficiently while on the other hand if the finished goods (outputs) inventory have all been sold then the firm is making profits. Effects of Raw Resources It is important for a manufacturing firm to analyze their resource utilization so that they can maximize their profits. Raw materials acts as inputs to the firm and there is need to understand the quantity and quality of the resources spent and then compared to the outputs of the firm. Where Raw Resources Is Found Manufacturing firms are the best places where the raw resource indicators can be seen. In a manufacturing process, the raw materials form the inputs while the finished goods form the outputs. To analyze this economic indicator, economists compare the volume of the raw materials with the outputs of those raw materials in terms of finished goods so that they can analyze whether the firm is making a profit or not. The Influence of Natural Resources on Economic Growth When an economy has a plenty of natural resources, it tends to avoid exports and capital inflows. In addition, it tends to avoid the production of the goods and services within the country because of the abundance of the natural resources. This results in a closed market scenario and subsequent reduction in trade. The local investors tend to block the foreign investors from investing in thei r country protected by the government to avoid the competition. Natural capital dominates the foreign capital. This ultimately leads to a slower rate of economic growth. Monetary Policy Monetary policy refers to the way the monetary and financial authorities in a particular economy controls and regulates the flow of money. Such authorities include the central banks. The main target is the prime or interest rates at which the money lenders impose on the borrowers so that they can control economic growth and stability. Effectiveness of a monetary policy is measured by the rate at which it addresses inflation expectations. This means the expectations people have on the prices increasing in the future. Monetary policies specify the level of banks’ credibility as set out by the central bank. Banks credibility affects inflation expectation and price increases. Central banks should state the future price stability in their monetary policies; they should look forward for the unexpect ed unless the economic shocks occur. Inflation rates change when the price level changes especially changes in the prices of international goods. A good monetary policy should have medium-term plans to address the effects caused by the economic shocks. The economic indicators of an economy provide statistics to the central banks so that they can draft a viable monetary policy that caters for the inflation changes. This means that the reliability, accuracy and completeness of the economic indicators influence the kind of monetary policies formulated and subsequently the economic growth. A good monetary policy focuses on the broad terms to consider all the necessary information for a good knowledge of the factors influencing the social and economic developments; hence, it relies on a broad range of the economic indicators. Monetary Policy and Inflation Monetary policy influences inflation and increased demand for goods and services. An increase in the demand for goods and services mea ns that more employees are needed to produce the larger number of goods and services to satisfy the demand. This is due to the effects of the monetary policy on the financial status of people’s households and industries. In the United States for example, Federal Reserve affects the banks and financial institutions lending rates during the normal times without inflation. Short-term federal funds influence the lending rates of short-term loans for small firms and households. Influence of Monetary Policy and Inflation on Employment Monetary policy significantly affects inflation of an economy. In the United States for example, the reduction of the federal funds rate leads to an increased demand for essential goods and services. This will result in the increase in the firms’ expenditures in terms of salaries and other costs. Furthermore, monetary policy stance affects what people think about the future in terms of the economy. Such expectations include increase in the pric es of goods and services as well as the remuneration of workers, which will result in increased inflation. This is illustrated in the bar graph below. Fig 2: A bar graph showing that an increase in inflation causes a decrease in firm’s expenditure and hence increases in employment rates (Baumohl 34-35) Where Monetary Policies Are Found The best places of assessing this economic indicator are the central banks, banks, financial institutions among other money lenders. Money borrowers also show some signs of the money policy that stands. The interest rates imposed by the banks show the monetary policy in place. How to Read the Monetary Policy Monetary policies are read from the following signs. First are the Gross Domestic Product and the components of consumption rates of goods and services. In this regard, the signs would be obtained from the individual incomes and rate of spending, unemployment rates, sales trends, new claims for unemployment insurance among other signs. Sec ondly are the signs of price pressures causing inflation for example the consumer price index, unit labor costs, producer price index , import and export prices among other signs (Baumohl 34-35). The business fixed investments of people shows the monetary policy stance too. The rate of investment on the non-residential and the residential houses are read from the manufacturers’ shipment of goods, inventory rates and the orders they make, the rate of the mortgage applications, house and home sales surveys. Effects of the Monetary Policy Central bank uses the data on the money supply to analyze the current economic, social and financial conditions of the country. This assists in the formulation of the monetary policy like increasing or reducing the interest rates by the banks and other money lending institutions. They achieve this through the reduction of the money supply. Today, monetary policy plays a role in the US economy. It directly influences the interest rates, employme nt, and inflation (Charles 1). In the past two decades, the rate at which economy grew was lower and so many people were not employed while money growth was high. Economists reported that increase in inflation rates affects the economic growth since the prices will not be worth and since people spend money evading the costs that inflation imposes on holding money (Charles 13). Influence of the Monitory Policy on the Economic Growth The institutions with the authority to control the money supply do price stability maintenance. Monetary policy therefore affects the economic growth through a stabilizing role. The stabilizing role by the central bank may be limited by the attempt to pursue other objectives of the monitory policy formulation, how the policy is implemented among other detrimental factors like uncertainty and doubtfulness of the policy makers. Monetary policy plays an important role in the economic growth of a country. It does not raise the long-term economic growth but it initiates and maintains economic growth by stabilizing the prices of goods and services. Monetary policy contributes to the economic growth and stability through the maintenance of price stability. Monetary policy tools check money supply to sustain price stability in the medium and long term. Economists argue that to maintain a long-term economic growth, an economy should maintain a low price level. Monetary policy determines the interest rates of a particular country. If central bank cuts down the interest rate, so many people will borrow the short-term and the long-term loans resulting in a higher rate of investments and the purchase of permanent and temporary assets. The banks will be forced to give out the loans because so many investors are in need leading to increased spending. People will buy many household financial assets because they are attracted to buy. Reduction in the interest rate will cause reduction of the value of the currency due to the increased demand for good s and services, especially when the prices for the imported goods rise. Combination of all these elements increases individual and the entire economy’s output reduces unemployment rates and the increase in investments and the consumer expenditure, hence, an increase in the country’s economy. Conclusion Inflation occurs when the overall demand for goods and services goes higher than the supply. This leads to the reduction for resources. The most common measure of the economic slack or the unutilized productive resources is the rate of unemployment. A growth in productivity level improves the welfare and living standards since many people have increased incomes and can buy essential goods, services, and access necessities. To the production firms, a growth in productivity implies that it can effectively satisfy its stakeholders and remain competitive hence an increase in the economic growth. Monetary policy is the change in demand of goods and services due to the changes in the interest rates and money supply by the central banks thereby influencing the economic growth. Raw resources of a firm represent the inputs to a production unit and the outputs determine the market value hence an increase or reduction in the economic growth. Inflation and Gross Domestic Product form the major economic indicators and influence the effects of other economic indicators on a country’s economic development. Works Cited Baumohl, Bernard. The Secrets of Economic Indicators: Hidden Clues to Future Economic Trends and Investment Opportunities. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2005. Print. Charles, Nelson. The Monetary Policy: Chapter Nine. New York: OECD Publishing, 2010. Print. Cohen, Franà §ois, Grà ©mont, Marine, Mudgal, Shailendra Tan, Adrian. Indicators on Linking Resource Use to the Economy: Environmental Data Centers on Natural Resources and Products: European Commission, DG Environment. Berlin: Bio Intelligent service, 2012. Print. Freeman, Rebecc a. Labor Productivity Indicators: Comparison of Two OECD Databases Productivity Differentials the Balassa-Samuelson Effect. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2008. Print. Graham, Jim. The Big Three Economic Indicators. Libertyville: OptionVue Systems International, Inc, 2011, Print. Pilat, Dirk Schreyer, Paul. Measuring Productivity. Paris: OECD, 2001. Print. Sachs, Jeffrey Warner, Andrew. Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995. Print. Yellen, Janet. FRBSF Economic Letter: Productivity and Inflation. San Francisco: Federal Bank of San Francisco, 2005. Print. 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USS Hornet (CV-8) in World War II

USS Hornet (CV-8) in World War II USS Hornet (CV-8) was a Yorktown-class aircraft carrier that entered service with the U.S. Navy in 1941. The last ship of its class, Hornet earned famed in April 1942 when Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle launched his famed raid on Japan from the carriers deck. Less than two months later, it took part in the stunning American victory at the Battle of Midway. Ordered south in the summer of 1942, Hornet commenced operations to aid Allied forces during the Battle of Guadalcanal. In September, the carrier was lost at the Battle of Santa Cruz after sustaining several bomb and torpedo hits. Its name was carried on by a new USS Hornet (CV-12) which joined the fleet in November 1943. Construction Commissioning The third and final Yorktown-class aircraft carrier, USS Hornet was ordered on March 30, 1939. Construction began at the Newport News Shipbuilding Company that September. As work progressed, World War II commenced in Europe though the United States elected to remain neutral. Launched on December 14, 1940, Hornet was sponsored by Annie Reid Knox, wife of Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox. Workers completed the ship later the following year and on October 20, 1941, Hornet was commissioned with Captain Marc A. Mitscher in command. Over the next five weeks, the carrier conducted training exercises off the Chesapeake Bay. USS Hornet (CV-8) underway in Hampton Roads, VA, October 1941. National Archives and Record Administration   World War II Begins With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, Hornet returned to Norfolk and in January had its anti-aircraft armament substantially upgraded. Remaining in the Atlantic, the carrier conducted tests on February 2 to determine if a B-25 Mitchell medium bomber could fly from the ship. Though the crew was perplexed, the tests proved successful. On March 4, Hornet departed Norfolk with orders to sail for San Francisco, CA. Transiting the Panama Canal, the carrier arrived at Naval Air Station, Alameda on March 20. While there, sixteen U.S. Army Air Forces B-25s were loaded onto Hornets flight deck. USS Hornet (CV-8) Nation: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: Newport News Shipbuilding Drydock CompanyLaid Down: September 25, 1939Launched: December 14, 1940Commissioned: October 20, 1941Fate: Sunk October 26, 1942SpecificationsDisplacement: 26,932 tonsLength: 827 ft., 5 in.Beam: 114 ft.Draft: 28 ft.Propulsion: 4 Ãâ€" Parsons geared steam turbines, 9 Ãâ€" Babcock Wilcox boilers, 4 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed: 32.5 knotsRange: 14,400 nautical miles at 15 knotsComplement: 2,919 menArmament8 Ãâ€" 5 in. dual purpose guns, 20 Ãâ€" 1.1 in., 32 Ãâ€" 20 mm anti-aircraft cannonsAircraft90 aircraft Doolittle Raid Receiving sealed orders, Mitscher put to sea on April 2 before informing the crew that the bombers, led by Lieutenant Colonel Jimmie Doolittle, were intended for a strike on Japan. Steaming across the Pacific, Hornet united with Vice Admiral William Halseys Task Force 16 which was centered on the carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6). With Enterprises aircraft providing cover, the combined force approached Japan. On April 18, the American force was spotted by the Japanese vessel No. 23 Nitto Maru. Though the enemy vessel was quickly destroyed by the cruiser USS Nashville, Halsey and Doolittle were concerned that it had sent a warning to Japan. B-25 takes off from USS Hornet (CV-8). National Archives Records Administration Still 170 miles short of their intended launch point, Doolittle met with Mitscher, Hornets commander, to discuss the situation. Emerging from the meeting, the two men decided to launch the bombers early. Leading the raid, Doolittle took off first at 8:20 a.m. and was followed by the rest of his men. Reaching Japan, the raiders successfully struck their targets before flying on to China. Due to the early departure, none possessed the fuel to reach their intended landing strips and all were forced to bail out or ditch. Having launched Doolittles bombers, Hornet and TF 16 immediately turned and steamed for Pearl Harbor. Midway After a brief stop in Hawaii, the two carriers departed on April 30 and moved south to support USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Lexington (CV-2) during the Battle of the Coral Sea. Unable to reach the area in time, they diverted towards Nauru and Banaba before returning to Pearl Harbor on May 26. As before, the time in port was short as the Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz ordered both Hornet and Enterprise to block a Japanese advance against Midway. Under the guidance of Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance, the two carriers were later joined by Yorktown. With the beginning of the Battle of Midway on June 4, all three American carriers launched strikes against the four carriers of Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumos First Air Fleet. Locating the Japanese carriers, the American TBD Devastator torpedo bombers began attacking. Lacking escorts, they suffered heavily and Hornets VT-8 lost all fifteen of its aircraft. The sole survivor of the squadron was Ensign George Gay who was rescued after the battle. With the battle progressing, Hornets dive bombers failed to find the Japanese, though their compatriots from the other two carriers did with stunning results. In the course of the fighting, Yorktowns and Enterprises dive bombers succeeded in sinking all four Japanese carriers. That afternoon, Hornets aircraft attacked the supporting Japanese vessels but with little effect. Two days later, they aided in sinking the heavy cruiser Mikuma and badly damaging the heavy cruiser Mogami. Returning to port, Hornet spent much of the next two months being overhauled. This saw the carriers anti-aircraft defenses further augmented and the installation of a new radar set. Departing Pearl Harbor on August 17, Hornet sailed for the Solomon Islands to aid in the Battle of Guadalcanal. Battle of Santa Cruz Arriving in the area, Hornet supported Allied operations and in late September briefly was the only operational American carrier in the Pacific after the loss of USS Wasp (CV-7) and damage to USS Saratoga (CV-3) and Enterprise. Joined by a repaired Enterprise on October 24, Hornet moved to strike a Japanese force approaching Guadalcanal. Two days later saw the carrier engaged in the Battle of Santa Cruz. In the course of the action, Hornets aircraft inflicted severe damage on the carrier Shokaku and heavy cruiser Chikuma USS Hornet under attack during the Battle of Santa Cruz, 1942. US Naval History Heritage Command These successes were offset when Hornet was struck by three bombs and two torpedoes. On fire and dead in the water, Hornets crew began a massive damage control operation which saw the fires brought under control by 10:00 a.m. As Enterprise was also damaged, it began to withdraw from the area. In an effort to save Hornet, the carrier was taken under tow by the heavy cruiser USS Northampton. Only making five knots, the two ships came under attack from Japanese aircraft and Hornet was hit by another torpedo. Unable to save the carrier, Captain Charles P. Mason ordered abandon ship. After attempts to scuttle the burning ship failed, the destroyers USS Anderson and USS Mustin moved in and fired over 400 five-inch rounds and nine torpedoes into Hornet. Still refusing to sink, Hornet was finally finished off after midnight by four torpedoes from the Japanese destroyers Makigumo and Akigumo which had arrived in the area. The last U.S. fleet carrier lost to enemy action during the war, Hornet had only been commission one year and seven days.

Equity in legal system origin, development and significance Essay

Equity in legal system origin, development and significance - Essay Example Today equity apparently has lost its significant correlation to 'justice,' as rules of equity are settled in much the same way as the common law.2 However creations of equity such as including the rights, interests and remedies continue to be of significance in English legal system3 The paper attempts to understand the origin and development of equity as a source of law in the English legal system and analyze the significance of rules of equity and equitable doctrines and remedies in legal proceedings today. While analyzing the significance of equity, it would be imperative to understand its percepts as well as the principles and remedies of equity; hence a discussion on the same is also included. The historical origin of equity in English legal system dates back to the late 13th and 14th centuries. The English legal system of the time - the common law system developed by the judges on the basis of unwritten customary rules and precedents or past judicial decisions - were very rigid and too technical with the procedures such as the writ. The procedural compliance and the legality of the writ often surpassed the merits of the case in legal decisions. The inadequacy of the common law remedy of damages was another issue with the system. Also, the common law only recognized certain kinds of cases; for example, the common law courts did not recognize the Trust deed.4 The defects in common law obviously led to distress, as disappointed litigants directly petitioned the King for justice. The King, considered the 'Fountain of Justice,' either determined the petitions himself or referred the cases to the King's Chancellor, usually a clergyman and priest, known as "Keeper of King's conscience." The petitions were decided on the basis of principle of natural justice and "moral rightness," considering the merits of the case rather than any precedent.5 The broad principles used by the King and his Chancellor's became to be known as rules of equity. Equity was not a complete system of law and as Jacqueline Martin observes, it "merely filled the gaps in the common law and softened the strict rules of the common law." 6 As the volume of cases increased separate courts called Court of Chancery, also called Courts of Equity, were established and administered by the Chancellor. The Chancellors developed new and flexible procedures, as well as new and appropriate remedies to compensate the plaintiffs, which are applicable to this day. However, the jurisdictional overlap of the two systems - common law and equity - led to an inevitable conflict between the two, impinging the certainty of law. The conflict was finally resolved by the King in Earl of Oxford's Case (1615) it was ruled that equity should prevail in case of conflict.7 While the equity courts continued to enjoy supremacy over common law courts, with the enactment of Judicature Acts 1873-75, the common law courts and the court of equity merged together to form the Supreme Court of Judicature, which would concurrently administer common and equity. The supremacy of equity in legal decisions was affirmed in Section 25 of the Judicature Act 1873 an d continues to be followed by the Supreme Court.

MA Proposal - Packaging design and consumer behavior Essay

MA Proposal - Packaging design and consumer behavior - Essay Example Socially responsibility in the packaging function began to appear about a hundred years ago. The post World War II era brought social and global awareness of the need to protect the natural resources of the planet. In North America an ecological movement in the 1960’s triggered new social responsibility corporate strategies to meet the needs of the customers. The United Kingdom has been in the forefront of eco-design since the 1990’s (Wooton). This report on the packaging industry is divided into five sections which are sustainable packaging, the effects of colors on packaging design, industry cases, packaging content & modeling, and a conclusion. Sustainable packaging is a business practice that creates packaging products with materials that are renewable, utilize renewable energy, and are manufactured in a socially responsible manner to promote environmental health (Sustainable Packaging). Packaging design training initiatives required package designers to work with all types of materials types and structures to gain insight to understand the basic of structural and graphic design for the environment (Packaging Strategies Offers Workshop 4). Walt-Mart applied the utilization of green packaging sustainable solutions as part to measure if the solution can accomplished the company’s long term savings goals. The firm developed a new performance metric to measure the progress towards achieve a 5% saving reduction by the year 2013, while continuing its environmentally friendly sustainable packaging strategy (Orango, 62). Data in field of marketing research demonstrates that over 80 per cent of the impact related to attracting the visual senses of a customer is related to color schema (Morton). The design process must consider ethnic factors in the selection of colors for packaging in international markets since colors are interpreted in different

Managing Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managing Change - Assignment Example Every department of the company should be involved in the process of change. Human resource management plays a very important role in the process of organizational change. When the change is implemented there is always a necessity in personnel training. Human resources department provides expertise in coordinating change and organizes personnel training. HR managers help employees understand their new roles in the company that underwent change and influence their perception of change that is very important for every company: Reh states: â€Å"an individuals degree of resistance to change is determined by whether they perceive the change as good or bad, and how severe they expect the impact of the change to be on them. Their ultimate acceptance of the change is a function of how much resistance the person has and the quality of their coping skills and their support system† (Reh). The department implements personnel selection as the changes, which are implemented, usually demand hiring new specialists. Appropriate human resource management helps implement successful organizational

Exploring New Trends Of Literature

Exploring New Trends Of Literature Effortless and high-speed access to internet through mobile phones and computers has made the man impatient, edgy and hungry for knowledge. No one has time to stop, to read and to enjoy. The busy life of man leaves him no time for leisure and hobbies. In this fast-paced world, knowledge is wider with little words. Somehow, words seem not as importance as they used to be. Books, newspapers, journals have taken a back-seat in this electronic-age. In America most major paper publications like the New York Times or the wall street Journal are having trouble surviving in face of the alternate media that is the internet. Cybernetic reading is displacing linear, closed, solitary reading. It is transforming the process of literary reading. The reader is continuously exposed to inter- textual ties and virtual ties of mass media and that of information technology. People, moreover kids today have short attention-spans. Long drawn out sentences, never ending paragraphs and detailed long descrip tion are not comprehensible to them. For example: Thomas Hardy. Hardy has a flair for the native lands and usually writes pages describing landscapes which is not appreciated by todays reading audience. I mean, how do we relate? There are no landscapes left which we can see and admire their beauty! Literature has faced uncountable changes ever since its existence. Passing through all the ages, it has flourished richly. In the age of cybernetics, literature has become an art form. Its being redefined as per the needs of a younger population. Modern tools have helped literature become an equalizer between the haves and the have-not. SMS has created new room for urban quotations and poems. Stories can now be presented in 140 characters or less. No wonder we say the world is growing smaller. Flash fiction and micro-fiction have sidelined long elaborative patterns of writing. Earlier people used to spend hours in libraries searching and reading up on information for their answers and papers. Now, however all one needs to do is GOOGLE it! An entire world of information is accessible at the click of a mouse. The same is with dictionaries. Oxford, which was once considered the bible for literature students is no more that important. Almost all the mobile phones have dictionaries. And i f not that, there is still the web. Software like Word web etc provides one with the meaning for almost all the words. The 6 word novel is a new field for writers to experiment. After she died, he came alive by Rebecca James and One gun, two shots, three dead by Marcy are examples of a six word novel. This is a new fashion of writing which is challenging and creative. It may be easy to write a long, narrative and detailed novel but writing a novel as short as six words requires innovation. Hundred years back no one would have thought of writing a novel in six words. Mr. Dickens is definitely turning in his grave. Six word novels leave the reader curious and thoughtful. The meaning is also left to readers interpretation. It requires a lot of creativity and imagination We are moving ever closer to the concept of the Death of the Author, that Roland Barthes had propounded. The text now has more and more gaps that makes it more and more readerly than writerly. Further Blogging sites have given opportunity to upcoming, amateur writers. They are getting more and more popular. Flash fiction too is an in thi ng. It has restricted words and the idea has to be flashy and catchy. The famous example is Aesops Fables. It is loved by all due to its concise form of writing and implied moral. Even famous writers like OHenry, Ernest Hemingway, and Anton Chekov as flash fiction writers. Examples Twitter fiction refers to original, self-contained works of fiction in each tweet published by Twitter users. Twitter fiction is being classified into certain new literary genres, which are given new names by combining the name of the different genres with the name of the application. Therefore, Thrillers become Twillers, Haikus become Twaikus and Short Stories become Twistories or Twisters. Twitter has come about as a revolution. A television serial SHIT MY DAD SAYS which makes its CBS debut in September is based on a Twitter feed started by struggling comedy writer Justin Halpern in 2003, who captured his own fathers salty language and forthright observations. As an expression of postmodern literature, twitter fiction shares characteristics of micro-fiction (printed), such as brevity, multiple meanings and inter-textual ties. Literature is also an art of writing; the above mentioned forms are not only new trends and ways of enhancing but also re-altering art. It has diverse, exigent and very spontaneous forms and unlike the conventional. It has gained immense popularity. It gives you the pleasure of knowledge and quenches your curiosity in small and controlled doses. It definitely creates new and different genres of literature. These forms have come in to acceptance because of their popular demand. These new and recent trends are unimaginable concepts from the point of view of anyone living a few decades ago. Blogging, twittering, micro blogging, 6 word novels, all of them are changing the trends of literature with regards to reading and writing. Its giving opportunity to upcoming talent and is helping decentralize the processes of who gets to publish what in the world of literature. Of course, these new trends are fascinating and interesting but, according to some literary purists, it is degrading the classics and the conventions of literature. Literary purists are put off by internet slang, which according to them gives rise to the abuse of language and superficiality. Especially on Twitter, for e.g.: The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is: Rich kid thinks everyone is fake except for his little sister. Has breakdown. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen has become: Woman meets man called Darcy who seems horrible. He turns out to be nice really. They get together. Dantes Inferno is boiled down to: Im having a midlife crisis. Lost in the woods. Should have bought my iPhone. These are non-formal free form styles of writing and they often neglect grammatical errors, wrong use of vocabulary and have little respect for the great works of literature from which some of them copy. These are shorter than short stories, flashier than flash fiction and now they have beco me Twititure. SMS and Facebook poetry have been claimed to have degraded the language, vocabulary, form and conventions of writing too. Urban words and slangs are becoming common to every mouth. To some, phrases like ash hole, zombie Jesus, directionally challenged, pen you in dont make sense. Nor do they consider it as any form of valid language. Grammar is lost and has almost disappeared in todays scenario. SMS languages have ruined the role of vocabulary and spelling. Spellings with missing vowels are now growing famous. The fast-paced life is short-lived for literature. No longer do many want to learn the details of any book, grammar or even poetry. Somehow, Classics are now growing old fashioned and boring. Anything that is short and interesting is definitely catchy for todays generation. We want to know everything now! Who cares if its missing a comma or two or that it lacks in depth and research. Lastly in cybernetic culture, hypertext may survive as an art form by offering pleasures of virtual immediacy, spontaneity, rich web of texts in various media and interactivity for the reader. Literature as a form of art, can be studied in depth; adding more weightage to the content. Otherwise the subject in itself is losing its importance and charm. Hypertext version can be the boon to revive Literature. For e.g. D.G. Rosettis The Blessed Damozel in its hypertext version will have the poem and the painting juxtaposed. Using zoom in and zoom out the student and/or reader can view the relevant sections of the painting and be able to relate better with the poem. How many times have we literature students heard the word boring being tagged along with our stream of study. The decisive moment of literary life will be that of reading. Mankind is beginning to understand how to dismantle and reassemble the most complex and unpredictable of all its machines: Language. Earlier people used to write diaries but it has now become the talk of the past. Reliving memories through Facebook, twitter and other networking sites is a lot easier. Uploading of pictures on Facebook saves man from the tedious task of taking care of albums or preparing scrapbooks (Anyway there is no space to keep them!) All the friends have an access to the albums online and are free to add their comments on the pictures saving it till the account survives. Is it necessary? Todays world is far richer in words and concepts and signs than the world that surrounded primitive man. Far more people are getting involved, are taking part in the process or writing than ever before. The changing face of literature is an uncontrollable factor, whether its good or bad is undetectable and unknown.

The Dropout Rate In Americas Colleges Essay -- essays research papers

The Dropout Rate in America's Colleges In 1992, the dropout rate in America's colleges was almost twenty-four percent! Therefore meaning that nearly one out of every five students that head off to college in the fall, drop out by the first semester. In addition, about one out of every three remaining students do not return for their second year. This statistic may seem outrageous, however, it is true. Furthermore, a study has shown that if the dropout rate continues at its current pace, it will reach thirty percent by the turn of the century. Although the reasons, or excuses, for dropping out are endless, the majority of dropouts can be linked to the following: home sickness, environment, and cost.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first cause, home sickness, is not a big problem for most. However, there are many teenagers that have never been out of their state, and in few instances, out of their city. For these select few, it is extremely hard for them to leave. The first day of college can be the hardest. In particular, registering for classes. So many people are all trying to do the same thing at once. For some, this can be enough to walk to the car and go home. However, most will make it through this part of their new life. Usually the one thing that will really bother a person, is living in a small room, with at least one other person, sometimes two. Often, living with strangers will make a person uncomfortable, and wishing they were back home. This is when many will...

Diplomatic Immunity

The importance of developing friendly intercourse between members of international community which is one of the avowed aims of the United Nations, necessitate the establishment of diplomatic relations between nations. As the complexity of international affairs increased and the interdependence of nations grew, countries recognized both the convenience and necessity of maintaining resident envoys abroad. A code of diplomatic procedure was developed and has become part of the law of nations.On 18 April l961, the United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities adopted the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, hereafter called the â€Å"Vienna Convention†, which codified the law on the subject (Salonga, J. & Yap, P. l966 p. 252). Diplomatic persons have been accorded since ancient times special privileges and immunities on the necessity of permitting free and unhampered exercise of diplomatic functions and of maintaining the dignity of the diplomatic repre sentative and the nation he represents.However, the Vienna Convention clearly expressed that those who enjoy the privileges and immunities have the duty to respect the laws of the host country. Although inadequate, diplomatic immunity provides a means to forestall active hostilities that might arise between nations. Discussions/Analysis The person of a diplomatic envoy is inviolable. A diplomatic agent, official family members and his administrative and technical staff may not be subpoenaed as a witness, arrested or detained, prosecuted and residence may not be entered subject to ordinary procedure.The United Nations Organizations and other international bodies also enjoy the right of legation and are accorded diplomatic immunity by receiving nations. Nonetheless, without prejudice to the privileges and immunities, diplomatic personnel are not exempt from legal responsibility for infractions committed under the local laws of the receiving country. For death and injury committed, the receiving country may request the sending nation to waive the immunity of a diplomatic agent. Gueorgui Makharadze, a deputy ambassador of the Republic of Goergia to the United States was convicted by the U. S.  for causing the death of a sixteen-year-old girl and wounding four others in a car accident.As a diplomat, he was released from custody, but the Georgian government waived his immunity when the U. S. government asked for it (Frieden, T. & the Associated Press 2000). Less grave offenses, however, are being dealt with administratively by the sending State as in the case of theft. Mexican embassy asked a Mexican press attachà © Rafael Quintero Curiel to tender his resignation upon arrival in Mexico City when he was caught through a surveillance video stealing blackberry PDA units from a White House press meeting room.He was caught up at the airport by the United States Secret Service and was about to leave. He claimed diplomatic immunity and left (. Rosen, James, Max Emanuel & the Associated Press). Exemption from taxation by the receiving State is held to be part of the â€Å"non-essential† prerogatives of diplomats, granted to them only as a matter of comity or courtesy. A diplomatic envoy however is not exempt from charges levied for specific services rendered. An example of this is the charge on cars entering central London. There are reports that diplomatic immunity has been used to avoid payment of traffic fines reaching to several million pounds.There are embassies who agreed to settle their accounts. Londoners welcome the move of the United Arab Emirates to settle  £99,950 of traffic fines and hope that the U. S. government will follow the move made by UAE (â€Å"Embassy to pay†). The premises occupied by a diplomatic mission are also inviolable. The agents of the receiving State may not enter such premises without the consent of the envoy, except in extreme cases of necessity such as when the premises are on fire or where there is imminent danger that a crime of violence is about to be perpetrated on the premises.Such premises cannot be entered or searched and neither can the records and archives be detained by local authorities even under process of law. Premises of global organizations are also inviolable. Recently, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) become the center of controversy when Geneva police entered the Geneva headquarters of the international patents agency to collect evidences in the alleged smear campaign against WIPO’s deputy head, Francis Gurry, following his complaint filed.The police authorities get rid of diplomatic immunity when they entered the premises of an international body to greet DNA samples from ten employees of the said organization as reported by the Tribune de Genà ¨ve. To allow the investigation to proceed, the Swiss government assented earlier to lift the diplomatic immunity from the 10 WIPO diplomats (Curtis, M. 2008). Diplomatic privileges and immunities may be waived, but as a rule, the waiver cannot be made by the individual concerned since such privileges and immunities are not personal to him.The waiver may be made only by the government of the sending State, in the case of UN International agencies; it is the member nations that could waive the immunity. Summary/Conclusion Diplomatic agents are entitled to privileges and immunities, such as: personal inviolability, inviolability of premises and archives, exemption from taxes and customs duties, exemption from local jurisdiction, etc. Privileges and immunities however, are not without limitations; envoys are not immune from legal liability.The host country may request the sending State expressed waiver of immunity or can declare persona non grata a diplomat or any member of his family who commit serious crime. Though immune from local laws, he can be recalled and prosecuted under his own country’s justice system. An envoy is immune from the criminal and saves i n certain cases, the civil jurisdiction of the receiving State for all acts, whether official or private. Thus he cannot be arrested, prosecuted and punished for any offense he may commit, unless his diplomatic immunity is waived.The procedure in cases where an envoy is guilty of a serious infraction of laws is to ask for his recall. Immunity from jurisdiction, however, does not mean exemption from the local law. It does not presuppose a right to violate any of the laws of the receiving State. They are not liable to be sued unless they submit to the jurisdiction. Diplomatic immunity does not signify immunity from legal liability but only exemption from local jurisdiction.

The Meaning of Bimodal in Statistics

The Meaning of Bimodal in Statistics A data set is bimodal if it has two modes. This means that there is not a single data value that occurs with the highest frequency.  Instead, there are two data values that tie for having the highest frequency. Example of a Bimodal Data Set To help to make sense of this definition, we will look at an example of a set with one mode, and then contrast this with a bimodal data set. Suppose we have the following set of data: 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 10, 10 We count the frequency of each number in the set of data: 1 occurs in the set three times2 occurs in the set four times3 occurs in the set one time4 occurs in the set one time5 occurs in the set two times6 occurs in the set three times7 occurs in the set three times8 occurs in the set one time9 occurs in the set zero times10 occurs in the set two times Here we see that 2 occurs most often, and so it is the mode of the data set.   We contrast this example to the following 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 We count the frequency of each number in the set of data: 1 occurs in the set three times2 occurs in the set four times3 occurs in the set one time4 occurs in the set one time5 occurs in the set two times6 occurs in the set three times7 occurs in the set five times8 occurs in the set one time9 occurs in the set zero times10 occurs in the set five times Here 7 and 10 occur five times. This is higher than any of the other data values. Thus we say that the data set is bimodal, meaning that it has two modes. Any example of a bimodal dataset will be similar to this. Implications of a Bimodal Distribution The mode is one way to measure the center of a set of data. Sometimes the average value of a variable is the one that occurs most often.  For this reason, it is important to see if a data set is bimodal. Instead of a single mode, we would have two. One major implication of a bimodal data set is that it can reveal to us that there are two different types of individuals represented in a data set. A histogram of a bimodal data set will exhibit two peaks or humps. For example, a histogram of test scores that are bimodal will have two peaks. These peaks will correspond to where the highest frequency of students scored. If there are two modes, then this could show that there are two types of students: those who were prepared for the test and those who were not prepared.

Tom Joad Essays - U.S. Route 66, Dust Bowl, The Grapes Of Wrath

Tom Joad Essays - U.S. Route 66, Dust Bowl, The Grapes Of Wrath Tom Joad The story starts out by Tom Joad hitchhiking home after being released from the state prison. He's finally on parole. He served four years of his seven year sentence. While walking, he catches a ride with a truck driver who takes him to his old house, on his family's farm. While he walks the rest of the way from where the truck driver dropped him off, he meets Jim Casy, who is a preacher. Jim explains to Tom, that's he's been away from home trying to figure out some important things in his mind, and now that he's figured out all things are holy, he doesn't need to be a preacher anymore, but just to live with the people because they are holy. As they walk down the driveway to Tom's old house, they notice that there is no one there. Someone starts to approach them, and it's Muley Graves, who let's Tom know that his family are at his Uncle Jim's. So Jim and Tom sleep in the fields that night and start the walk the next day to his Uncle's house. Once they arrive, they find Tom's family packing up and getting ready to go on a trip. Tom's father explains to him that the banks and large companies closed out all the small farmers, and now most of them are heading out to California where there is supposed to be work. When everyone was ready to leave Grampa Joad didn't want to go, so they had to drug him to get him into the car to go on their way. When they stop to rest on the first night of the journey, Grampa Joad has a stroke and dies immediately. They bury Grampa along the way to California in a blanket some migrants gave them. The migrants were the Wilson's, who car had broken down. The Joad family offered to help fix their car, and one it was fixed the two families began their trip together. Once they reached California, Mrs. Wilson got really sick, so the Joad family gave the Wilson's some money and food and continued on their way. During the whole trip out west, Granma Joad had been getting sicker and sicker, Ma Joad finally realizes that she's dying. They had to start a long drive through the desert one night, and while they were driving Granma dies early into the night. A guard stops them during their trip and Ma Joad explains to the guard that they need to get to a doctor because Granma is very sick. The guard let's them go, and Ma tells the family to drive on. Once they make it safely across the desert, Ma tells the family that Granma is dead, so they must bury her as a poor person because they don't have enough money for the funeral. They finally arrive at a place, even though dirty and disorderly, where plenty of migrants were living. But the men are unable to find work. The Joad's pack up and leave when a contractor comes and asks if anyone wants work. The first person to ask what the pay was got arrested and was accused "red". A fight started and the sheriff told the whole camp it'll be burned. The Joad's are still unable to find work and soon they ran out of money and food, so they must look quickly. They soon hear of work in a peach orchard. Once they arrived they were escorted by a policeman and they immediately started picking peaches, so they could have something to eat that night. Tom wants to know what's going on with all the yelling and screaming outside in the orchard late that night. So he sticks his head out to find his friend Jim, who was arrested awhile ago, Jim tells Tom about how they are striking because the owner of the peach orchard had cut their wages in half. While they are talking some men come around looking for Jim, and once they found him they immediately killed him. Tom becomes extremely upset and kills one of the men. One of the Joad children goes about bragging on how Tom killed someone, and his mother finds him and tells

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Case Study - Essay Example Following this we will list 5 specific strategies you would use to deal with this issue and discuss how office productivity by implementing this strategies. Malaysia is a conservative and predominately Muslim country in which patriarchy and deference to authority remain important priorities. From a cultural perspective, Farah may be resistant to say something from her supervisor due to the fact that male touching is inappropriate in her context. Thus, in Malaysia it would be highly inappropriate for a male supervisor to touch a female colleague and in Farah’s case this is what she is experiencing. Farah is also a Muslim which makes the inter-sexual mingling even more taboo. Because her society is conservatively minded, this is the third reason which may account for Farah’s resistance to her boss’ comments and unwanted attention. Due to the fact that Malaysian society is patriarchal, Farah, as a woman, may feel uncomfortable approaching her male supervisor and telling him that his behavior is unwarranted. Finally, because Malaysian society is conservative and hierarchal in nature, Farah will not feel as though she ca n approach her supervisor and let him know that she does not appreciate his behavior. As a woman coming from a society in which male to female touching is not appropriate in a business context, Farah may thus feel uncomfortable discussing her problems with her supervisor. What are the important strategies which can be used to deal with issues surrounding intercultural miscommunication in an office setting? There are a variety of measures which can be undertaken in order to mitigate the fallout from Farah’s unwanted touching by a male supervisor. First and foremost this involves speaking with the supervisor directly and letting him know that touching female colleagues, no matter how friendly, can be

School Hierarchy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Hierarchy - Coursework Example The ability to ethically implement decisions in schools is a function of the school management. Different characteristics school hierarchies exist and have their direct effects on the implementation of decisions. This paper will look into the characteristics that are detrimental to the ethical implementation of decisions This is the characteristic of school hierarchies that recognizes only a single channel of information flow. In such hierarchies, the top management are the sole source of information. The decisions made at the top flow downwards and access to feedback is limited. When this happens, the ethical requirements of the community such as inclusion of students with special needs do not obtain feedback from the community (National Research Council, 2012). The lack of feedback deters application of evaluation measures and is thus detrimental to the implementation of ethical decisions. Decision making is an activity that should be done with precautions. The precautions ensure that there is ethicality in the decisions and that the implementation of the decision will have the intended effects on the involved parties. When this is done, positive outcomes are anticipated and achieved (National Research Council, 2012). To achieve such a situation, the school should involve all the relevant stakeholders to ensure that all the affected people are consulted before decisions are made. This ensures that there are no complaints regarding the decisions and their ethicality. When the stakeholders are not involved in the school hierarchy, the decisions made are hard to implement. Any organizations should have all their activities directed towards the achievement of set objectives. This is also true for school hierarchies. When the hierarchies are based on objectives that are ethical, the activities and decisions made are directed towards the achievement of the objectives (Brazer et al., 2010). When; however, the